The push to modernise African agriculture through large-scale agribusiness and initiatives like Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa is facing renewed criticism, with concerns growing over its long-term impact on farmers, food systems and the environment. More than two decades after its launch, questions remain about whether the model has delivered meaningful improvements in productivity and livelihoods across the continent.

The programme, backed by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and championed by Bill Gates, aimed to boost agricultural output through modern inputs such as improved seeds, fertilisers and chemical-based farming systems. The approach was built on the idea that increasing productivity would directly address food insecurity and rural poverty.

However, critics argue that the results have been mixed at best. Studies assessing the impact of AGRA-linked interventions suggest that productivity gains have not consistently met expectations, while input costs have increased pressure on smallholder farmers. In some cases, reliance on purchased seeds and fertilisers has made farmers more vulnerable to debt and market fluctuations.

Environmental concerns are also central to the debate. The shift toward monoculture farming and intensive input use has been linked to soil degradation and reduced biodiversity. At the same time, traditional crops such as millet and sorghum — valued for their resilience to drought and nutritional benefits — have declined in some regions, raising concerns about long-term food security and climate resilience.

Another key criticism is that the model may have strengthened the presence of multinational agribusiness companies in African markets. The expansion of commercial seed systems and agrochemical use has created new market opportunities, but has also increased dependence on external suppliers rather than supporting local, farmer-led systems.

Alternative approaches, particularly agroecology, are gaining attention as a more sustainable path forward. Agroecological systems combine traditional farming knowledge with modern science, focusing on soil health, biodiversity and local seed systems.

Proponents argue that this model can improve resilience, reduce input costs and enhance food sovereignty by giving farmers greater control over production.

Despite differing views, the debate highlights a broader issue in African agriculture — balancing productivity, sustainability and farmer livelihoods. As governments and stakeholders reassess agricultural strategies, there is increasing recognition that future growth will depend not only on yields, but also on resilience, inclusivity and long-term environmental health.